Proton Density Fat Fraction (PDFF) MR Imaging for Differentiation of Acute Benign and Neoplastic Compression Fractures of the Spine

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic performance of proton density fat fraction (PDFF) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to differentiate between acute benign and neoplastic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs). Methods Fifty-seven consecutive patients with 46 acute benign and 41 malignant VCFs were prospectively enrolled in this institutional review board approved study and underwent routine clinical MRI with an additional six-echo modified Dixon sequence of the spine at a clinical 3.0-T scanner. All fractures were categorised as benign or malignant according to either direct bone biopsy or 6-month follow-up MRI. Intravertebral PDFF and PDFF ratio (fracture PDFF/normal vertebrae PDFF) for benign and malignant VCFs were calculated using region-of-interest analysis and compared between both groups. Additional receiver operating characteristic and binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Both PDFF and PDFF ratio of malignant VCFs were significantly lower compared to acute benign VCFs [PDFF, 3.48 ± 3.30% vs 23.99 ± 11.86% ( p < 0.001); PDFF ratio , 0.09 ± 0.09 vs 0.49 ± 0.24 ( p < 0.001)]. The areas under the curve were 0.98 for PDFF and 0.97 for PDFF ratio , yielding an accuracy of 96% and 95% for differentiating between acute benign and malignant VCFs. PDFF remained as the only imaging-based variable to independently differentiate between acute benign and malignant VCFs on multivariate analysis (odds ratio, 0.454; p = 0.005). Conclusions Quantitative assessment of PDFF derived from modified Dixon water-fat MRI has high diagnostic accuracy for the differentiation of acute benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures. Key Points • Chemical-shift-encoding based water-fat MRI can reliably assess vertebral bone marrow PDFF • PDFF is significantly higher in acute benign than in malignant VCFs • PDFF provides high accuracy for differentiating acute benign from malignant VCFs