Two Cases of Arterioureteral Fistula in the Setting of Previous Radiation Therapy and Indwelling Ureteral Stents: Results of Endovascular Management.

Abstract Arterioureteral fistula (AUF) is a rare but potentially fatal cause of gross hematuria. It is often identified in patients with prior radiation therapy, pelvic surgery, or chronic indwelling ureteral stents. We present two cases of AUF in patients with prior radiation therapy and indwelling ureteral stents. Both were managed with endovascular stent grafting; the second case required subsequent open surgical repair due to infection and failure of the initial graft resulting in AUF recurrence. We also review the literature regarding AUF etiology, diagnosis and management.