Technique of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

According to the latest American and European Urological Association guidelines, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is the current gold standard treatment for patients presenting with symptomatic large or complex renal stones >= 2 cm. This review chapter and accompanying videos will review the latest literature on indications, preoperative preparations, different patient positions, in addition to step by step explanations for the technique of PNL. Postoperative care and troubleshooting tips are provided. Furthermore, latest reported outcomes are reviewed.