The non-canonical NF-κB pathway and its contribution to β-cell failure in diabetes.

The prevalence of diabetes has reached 8.8% in worldwide population and is predicted to increase up to 10.4% by 2040. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of means to treat or prevent this major disease. Due to its role in inflammatory responses, several studies demonstrated the importance of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The two major NF-kappa B pathways are the canonical and the non-canonical. The later pathway is activated by the NF-kappa B-inducing kinase (NIK) that triggers p100 processing into p52, which forms with RelB its main dimer. Cytokines mediating the activation of this pathway are present in the serum of T1D and T2D patients. Conversely, limited information is available regarding the role of the alternative pathway on diabetes development and beta-cell fate. In the present review, we will briefly describe the involvement of NF-kappa B on diabetes pathology and discuss new studies indicating an important role for the non-canonical NF-kappa B activation in beta-cell function and survival. The non-canonical NF-kappa B pathway is emerging as a novel potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent diabetes.