A retrospective study: Does cigarette smoking induce cervical disc degeneration?
International Journal of Surgery(2018)
Abstract
•Smoking can induce cervical intervertebral disc degeneration and further lead to neck and shoulder pain.•Smoking tends to negatively affect lower segments of cervical discs more severely than upper segments.•Smoking can accelerate cervical degeneration.•The degenerative effect of smoking present more severe in female patients than in males.
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Key words
Cervical disc degeneration,Cervical spondylosis,Smoking,Neck and shoulder pain
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