Retrospective observational cohort study regarding the effect of breastfeeding on challenge-proven food allergy

Background/objectives Human breast milk is generally regarded as the best nutrition for infants in their first months of life. Whether breastfeeding has a protective effect on food allergy is a point of debate and the subject of this study. Subjects/methods This retrospective study was conducted in 649 children who underwent a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) as part of routine care in a tertiary care clinic. Food allergy was defined as having at least one positive DBPCFC to any food. The association between both “any” breastfeeding (yes/no) and its duration in months with food allergy was studied by logistic regression analysis with correction for confounding variables. Results The prevalence of food allergy was 58.9% ( n = 382). Of all subjects, 75.8% ( n = 492) was breastfed and 24.2% ( n = 157) bottle-fed. There was no significant association between food allergy and breastfeeding versus bottle-feeding after correction for the confounding effect of increased breastfeeding by atopic parents and a history of asthma in the child (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 0.85–1.79, p = 0.27). However, in breastfed children, every additional month of breastfeeding lowered the risk for food allergy by ~4% (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93–0.99, p = 0.02). No confounders were identified in this association. Conclusion These results show for the first time that in children investigated for possible food allergy, every additional month of breastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of developing clinical food allergy as diagnosed by DBPCFC. However, overall, there was no association between the prevalence of food allergy and breastfeeding versus bottle-feeding in this tertiary care population.