Skeletal fluorosis in marsupials: A comparison of bone lesions in six species from an Australian industrial site.

In this study we explored the prevalence, type, location and severity of skeletal lesions in six species of Australian marsupial (Macropus giganteus, Notamacropus rufogriseus, Wallabia bicolor, Phascolarctos cinereus, Trichosurus vulpecula and Pseudocheirus peregrinus) from high and low-fluoride environments. Lesions occurred to varying extents in all species, and lesion distribution varied with biomechanical differences in gait and mastication. Bone fluoride levels increased with severity of periosteal hyperostosis. The mean bone fluoride concentration of individuals lacking hyperostosis (across all species, from both high and low-fluoride environments) was 1100 +/- 260 mu g F-/g dry bone, compared to 4300 +/- 1200 mu g F-/g and 6300 +/- 1200 mu g F-/g in those with mild and severe grade hyperostosis, respectively. Multivariable modelling showed that the probability of observing a lesion varied across species, anatomical location, age and bone fluoride concentration (in a non-linear manner). The pathological changes reported in the marsupials are consistent with the range of fluoride-related lesions described in other mammals, and biomechanical differences among the studied marsupial species offer some explanation for the degree of interspecific variability in prevalence, type, anatomical location, and severity of the lesions. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.