Testing Hadronic Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies with Air Showers Measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory.

A Aab,P Abreu,M Aglietta,E J Ahn,I Al Samarai,I F M Albuquerque,I Allekotte,J D Allen,P Allison,A Almela,J Alvarez Castillo,J Alvarez-Muñiz,M Ambrosio,G A Anastasi,L Anchordoqui, B Andrada,S Andringa,C Aramo,F Arqueros,N Arsene,H Asorey,P Assis,J Aublin,G Avila,A M Badescu, C Baus,J J Beatty, K H Becker,J A Bellido, C Berat,M E Bertaina, X Bertou,P L Biermann, P Billoir,J Biteau, S G Blaess,A Blanco,J Blazek,C Bleve,H Blümer,M Boháčová,D Boncioli,C Bonifazi,N Borodai, A M Botti, J Brack,I Brancus,T Bretz,A Bridgeman, F L Briechle, P Buchholz,A Bueno,S Buitink,M Buscemi, K S Caballero-Mora, B Caccianiga,L Caccianiga,A Cancio, F Canfora,L Caramete,R Caruso,A Castellina,G Cataldi,L Cazon, R Cester, A G Chavez, A Chiavassa,J A Chinellato,J C Chirinos Diaz,J Chudoba,R W Clay, R Colalillo,A Coleman,L Collica,M R Coluccia,R Conceição, F Contreras,M J Cooper,S Coutu,C E Covault,J Cronin, R Dallier,S D'Amico,B Daniel,S Dasso,K Daumiller,B R Dawson,R M de Almeida,S J de Jong,G De Mauro,J R T de Mello Neto,I De Mitri,J de Oliveira,V de Souza,J Debatin,L Del Peral,O Deligny,N Dhital,C Di Giulio,A Di Matteo,M L Díaz Castro, F Diogo,C Dobrigkeit, J C D'Olivo, A Dorofeev,R C Dos Anjos,M T Dova,A Dundovic,J Ebr, R Engel,M Erdmann, M Erfani, C O Escobar,J Espadanal, A Etchegoyen,H Falcke, K Fang,G R Farrar,A C Fauth,N Fazzini,A P Ferguson,B Fick,J M Figueira,A Filevich,A Filipčič, O Fratu,M M Freire,T Fujii, A Fuster,F Gallo,B García, D Garcia-Pinto,F Gate, H Gemmeke,A Gherghel-Lascu,P L Ghia, U Giaccari,M Giammarchi, M Giller, D Głas,C Glaser, H Glass, G Golup,M Gómez Berisso,P F Gómez Vitale,N González,B Gookin,J Gordon,A Gorgi,P Gorham,P Gouffon,N Griffith,A F Grillo, T D Grubb,F Guarino,G P Guedes,M R Hampel,P Hansen,D Harari,T A Harrison, J L Harton, Q Hasankiadeh, A Haungs, T Hebbeker, D Heck, P Heimann, A E Herve,G C Hill,C Hojvat,N Hollon,E Holt,P Homola, J R Hörandel,P Horvath,M Hrabovský,T Huege, J Hulsman,A Insolia,P G Isar, I Jandt,S Jansen,C Jarne, J A Johnsen,M Josebachuili, A Kääpä, O Kambeitz, K H Kampert, P Kasper,I Katkov, B Keilhauer,E Kemp,R M Kieckhafer, H O Klages, M Kleifges, J Kleinfeller,R Krause, N Krohm, D Kuempel,G Kukec Mezek,N Kunka,A Kuotb Awad, D LaHurd,L Latronico,M Lauscher,P Lautridou, P Lebrun, R Legumina,M A Leigui de Oliveira, A Letessier-Selvon, I Lhenry-Yvon,K Link,L Lopes,R López,A López Casado, A Lucero,M Malacari,M Mallamaci,D Mandat, P Mantsch,A G Mariazzi, V Marin,I C Mariş,G Marsella,D Martello,H Martinez,O Martínez Bravo,J J Masías Meza, H J Mathes, S Mathys,J Matthews,J A J Matthews,G Matthiae,D Maurizio,E Mayotte, P O Mazur,C Medina, G Medina-Tanco, V B B Mello,D Melo, A Menshikov,S Messina, M I Micheletti,L Middendorf, I A Minaya,L Miramonti,B Mitrica,L Molina-Bueno,S Mollerach, F Montanet, C Morello,M Mostafá,C A Moura,G Müller,M A Muller,S Müller, I Naranjo,S Navas, P Necesal,L Nellen,A Nelles, J Neuser, P H Nguyen, M Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M Niechciol, L Niemietz,T Niggemann,D Nitz,D Nosek,V Novotny, H Nožka,L A Núñez,L Ochilo, F Oikonomou,A Olinto,D Pakk Selmi-Dei,M Palatka,J Pallotta, P Papenbreer,G Parente,A Parra,T Paul,M Pech, F Pedreira,J Pękala,R Pelayo,J Peña-Rodriguez,I M Pepe,L A S Pereira,L Perrone,E Petermann,C Peters,S Petrera, J Phuntsok, R Piegaia,T Pierog,P Pieroni,M Pimenta,V Pirronello, M Platino, M Plum, C Porowski, R R Prado,P Privitera, M Prouza,E J Quel,S Querchfeld,S Quinn,J Rautenberg, O Ravel, D Ravignani,B Revenu,J Ridky,M Risse,P Ristori,V Rizi,W Rodrigues de Carvalho,J Rodriguez Rojo,M D Rodríguez-Frías, D Rogozin,J Rosado,M Roth,E Roulet, A C Rovero, S J Saffi,A Saftoiu, H Salazar,A Saleh,F Salesa Greus,G Salina,J D Sanabria Gomez,F Sánchez,P Sanchez-Lucas,E M Santos,E Santos,F Sarazin, B Sarkar, R Sarmento,C Sarmiento-Cano,R Sato,C Scarso, M Schauer,V Scherini,H Schieler,D Schmidt,O Scholten,H Schoorlemmer,P Schovánek,F G Schröder,A Schulz,J Schulz,J Schumacher,S J Sciutto,A Segreto,M Settimo, A Shadkam,R C Shellard,G Sigl,O Sima,A Śmiałkowski, R Šmída, G R Snow, P Sommers,S Sonntag,J Sorokin, R Squartini,D Stanca,S Stanič,J Stapleton,J Stasielak,F Strafella, A Stutz,F Suarez,M Suarez Durán, T Sudholz, T Suomijärvi,A D Supanitsky,M S Sutherland, J Swain,Z Szadkowski, O A Taborda,A Tapia,A Tepe, V M Theodoro, C Timmermans,C J Todero Peixoto, L Tomankova,B Tomé, A Tonachini,G Torralba Elipe,D Torres Machado,P Travnicek, M Trini,R Ulrich,M Unger,M Urban, A Valbuena-Delgado,J F Valdés Galicia,I Valiño, L Valore,G van Aar,P van Bodegom,A M van den Berg,A van Vliet,E Varela,B Vargas Cárdenas,G Varner,J R Vázquez,R A Vázquez,D Veberič,V Verzi,J Vicha, M Videla,L Villaseñor,S Vorobiov,H Wahlberg,O Wainberg,D Walz,A A Watson,M Weber,A Weindl,L Wiencke,H Wilczyński,T Winchen, D Wittkowski, B Wundheiler, S Wykes,L Yang,T Yapici, D Yelos,E Zas,D Zavrtanik,M Zavrtanik,A Zepeda, B Zimmermann,M Ziolkowski,Z Zong, F Zuccarello

PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS（2016）

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摘要

Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers probe particle physics at energies beyond the reach of accelerators. Here we introduce a new method to test hadronic interaction models without relying on the absolute energy calibration, and apply it to events with primary energy 6-16 EeV (E-CM = 110-170 TeV), whose longitudinal development and lateral distribution were simultaneously measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The average hadronic shower is 1.33 +/- 0.16 (1.61 +/- 0.21) times larger than predicted using the leading LHC-tuned models EPOS-LHC (QGSJetII-04), with a corresponding excess of muons.

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关键词

pierre auger observatory,ultrahigh energies,hadronic interactions,air showers

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