Multi-modal Synthesis of ASL-MRI Features with KPLS Regression on Heterogeneous Data.

Machine learning classifiers are frequently trained on heterogeneous multi-modal imaging data, where some patients have missing modalities. We address the problem of synthesising arterial spin labelling magnetic resonance imaging (ASL-MRI) - derived cerebral blood flow (CBF) - features in a heterogeneous data set. We synthesise ASL-MRI features using T1-weighted structural MRI (sMRI) and carotid ultrasound flow features. To deal with heterogeneous data, we extend the kernel partial least squares regression (kPLSR) - method to the case where both input and output data have partial coverage. The utility of the synthetic CBF features is tested on a binary classification problem of mild cognitive impairment patients vs. controls. Classifiers based on sMRI and synthetic ASL-MRI features are combined using a maximum probability rule, achieving a balanced accuracy of 92% (sensitivity 100 %, specificity 80 %) in a separate validation set. Comparison is made against support vector machine-classifiers from literature.