Substrate-bound CCL21 and ICAM1 combined with soluble IL-6 collectively augment the expansion of antigen-specific murine CD4+ T cells

Immune processes within the complex microenvironment of the lymph node involve multiple intercellular, cell-matrix, and paracrine interactions, resulting in the expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Inspired by the lymph node microenvironment, we aimed to develop an ex vivo "synthetic immune niche" (SIN), which could effectively stimulate the proliferation of antigen-activated CD4(+) T cells. This engineered SIN consisted of surfaces coated with the chemokine C-C motif ligand 21 (CCL21) and with the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), coupled with the soluble cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) added to the culture medium. When activated by ovalbumin-loaded dendritic cells, OT-II T cells growing on regular uncoated culture plates form nonadherent, dynamic clusters around the dendritic cells. We found that functionalization of the plate surface with CCL21 and ICAM1 and the addition of IL-6 to the medium dramatically increases T-cell proliferation and transforms the culture topology from that of suspended 3-dimensional cell clusters into a firm, substrate-attached monolayer of cells. Our findings demonstrate that the components of this SIN collectively modulate T-cell interactions and augment both the proliferation and survival of T cells in an antigen-specific manner, potentially serving as a powerful approach for expanding immunotherapeutic T cells.