Alcohol and Nicotine Codependence-Associated DNA Methylation Changes in Promoter Regions of Addiction-Related Genes.

Altered DNA methylation in addiction-related genes may modify the susceptibility to alcohol or drug dependence (AD or ND). We profiled peripheral blood DNA methylation levels of 384 CpGs in promoter regions of 82 addiction-related genes in 256 African Americans (AAs) (117 cases with AD-ND codependence and 139 controls) and 196 European Americans (103 cases with AD-ND codependence and 93 controls) using Illumina’s GoldenGate DNA methylation array assays. AD-ND codependence-associated DNA methylation changes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with consideration of batch effects and covariates age, sex, and ancestry proportions. Seventy CpGs (in 41 genes) showed nominally significant associations ( P < 0.05) with AD-ND codependence in both AAs and EAs. One CpG ( HTR2B cg27531267) was hypomethylated in AA cases ( P = 7.2 × 10 −5 ), while 17 CpGs in 16 genes (including HTR2B cg27531267) were hypermethylated in EA cases (5.6 × 10 −9 ≤ P ≤ 9.5 × 10 −5 ). Nevertheless, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) nearby HTR2B cg27531267 and the interaction of these SNPs and cg27531267 did not show significant effects on AD-ND codependence in either AAs or EAs. Our study demonstrated that DNA methylation changes in addiction-related genes could be potential biomarkers for AD-ND co-dependence. Future studies need to explore whether DNA methylation alterations influence the risk of AD-ND codependence or the other way around.