Retarding Crystallization during Facile Single Coating of NaCl-incorporated Precursor Solution for Efficient Large-area Uniform Perovskite Solar Cells.

We demonstrated crystallization retardation of CH3NH3PbI3 thin film during single-coating of presursor solution by simple addition of NaCl. NaCl was co-dissolved into a precursor mixture solution containing PbI2 and methylammonium iodide (MAI). Dissolved NaCl interacted with the PbI2 in solution and produced a stable intermediate phase, which was converted to a full-coverage uniform perovskite absorber layer via reaction with MAI during a single spin coating. The resulting planar-structure perovskite solar cell made from NaCl-supplemented precursor solution showed a 48% improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) (maximum value 15.16%) over the device fabricated without the additive. Our NaCl-supplemented single coating represents an easy approach to effectively obtain highly reproducible uniform performance at overall position in 5 cm × 5 cm sized cells (divided into 20 subcells with an active area of 0.06 cm2) with the average PCEs of 12.00±0.48%.