The NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor pevonedistat activates the eIF2α and mTOR pathways inducing UPR-mediated cell death in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in children, and cure rates for adults remain dismal. Further, effective treatment strategies for relapsed/refractory ALL remain elusive. We previously uncovered that ALL cells are prone to apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response (UPR)-mediated mechanisms. We investigated the antineoplastic activity of pevonedistat®, a novel NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor that targets E3 cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) dependent proteasomal protein degradation, in ALL. Herein, we report that pevonedistat induces apoptosis in ALL cells by dysregulating the translational machinery leading to induction of proteotoxic/ER stress and UPR-mediated cell death. Mechanistically, pevonedistat led to P-eIF2a dephosphorylation causing atypical proteotoxic/ER stress from failure to halt protein translation via the UPR and upregulation of mTOR/p70S6K. Additional studies revealed that pevonedistat re-balanced the homeostasis of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins to favor cell death through altered expression and/or activity of Mcl-1, NOXA, and BIM, suggesting that pevonedistat has a “priming” effect on ALL by altering the apoptotic threshold through modulation of Mcl-1 activity. Further, we demonstrated that pevonedistat synergizes with selected anti-leukemic agents in vitro, and prolongs survival of NSG mice engrafted with ALL cells, lending support for the use of pevonedistat as part of a multi-agent approach.