Smoking, alcohol and caffeine in relation to two hormonal indicators of ovarian age during the reproductive years.

•Smoking is associated with increased follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and unrelated to anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH).•This observation suggests that current smoking either impairs the development of antral follicles or dysregulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis.•The absence of an association with anti-Müllerian hormone argues against mechanisms related to accelerated follicle atresia.