Efficient and compact representations of some non-canonical prefix-free codes

For many kinds of prefix-free codes there are efficient and compact alternatives to the traditional tree-based representation. Since these put the codes into canonical form, however, they can only be used when we can choose the order in which codewords are assigned to symbols. In this paper we first show how, given a probability distribution over an alphabet of sigma symbols, we can store an optimal alphabetic prefix-free code in O(sigma lgL) bits such that we can encode and decode any codeword of length l in O(min(l, lgL)) time, where Lis the maximum codeword length. With O(2L(epsilon)) further bits, for any constant epsilon > 0, we can encode and decode O(lg l) time. We then show how to store a nearly optimal alphabetic prefix-free code in o(sigma) bits such that we can encode and decode in constant time. We also consider a kind of optimal prefix-free code introduced recently where the codewords' lengths are non-decreasing if arranged in lexicographic order of their reverses. We reduce their storage space to O(sigma lgL) while maintaining encoding and decoding times in O(l). We also show how, with O(2(epsilon L)) further bits, we can encode and decode in constant time. All of our results hold in the word-RAM model. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.