Probing responses to deep brain stimulation with functional magnetic resonance imaging

•fMRI is a powerful technique for observing the network-wide effects of DBS in vivo.•fMRI studies reveal that DBS modulates large-scale brain networks.•fMRI responses are related to stimulation site, stimulation parameters, patient characteristics, and clinical outcomes.•Recent studies have proposed fMRI-based biomarkers for confirming circuit engagement and determining treatment efficacy.•These findings highlight ways in which the technique could be used to refine DBS therapy.