Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naïve subjects.

•Lyophilized MVA was more immunogenic than the current liquid formulation of MVA.•The lower ID dose of MVA was immunologically non-inferior to the standard SC dose.•The ID route resulted in more erythema and/or induration than the SC route.•The ID route may increase the number of available doses in an emergency situation.