Nitrogen deposition and its spatial pattern in main forest ecosystems along north-south transect of eastern China

A continuous three-year observation (from May 2008 to April 2011) was conducted to characterize the spatial variation of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) deposition at eight main forest ecosystems along the north-south transect of eastern China (NSTEC). The results show that both throughfall DIN deposition and bulk DIN deposition increase from north to south along the NSTEC. Throughfall DIN deposition varies greatly from 2.7 kg N/(ha·yr) to 33.0 kg N/(ha·yr), with an average of 10.6 kg N/(ha·yr), and bulk DIN deposition ranges from 4.1 kg N/(ha·yr) to 25.4 kg N/(ha·yr), with an average of 9.8 kg N/(ha·yr). NH 4 + -N is the dominant form of DIN deposition at most sampling sites. Additionally, the spatial variation of DIN deposition is controlled mainly by precipitation. Moreover, in the northern part of the NSTEC, bulk DIN deposition is 17% higher than throughfall DIN deposition, whereas the trend is opposite in the southern part of the NSTEC. The results demonstrate that DIN deposition would likely threaten the forest ecosystems along the NSTEC, compared with the critical loads (CL) of N deposition, and DIN deposition in this region is mostly controlled by agricultural activities rather than industrial activities or transportation.