Spatial variability of nitrous oxide emissions in an unmanaged old-growth beech forest

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a high-impact greenhouse gas. Due to the scarcity of unmanaged forests in Central Europe, its long-term natural background emission level is not entirely clear. We measured soil N2O emissions in an unmanaged, old-growth beech forest in the Hainich National Park, Germany, at 15 plots over a 1-year period. The average annual measured N2O flux rate was (0.49 +/- 0.44)?kg?N ha1?y1. The N2O emissions showed background-emission patterns with two N2O peaks. A correlation analysis shows that the distance between plots (up to 380?m) does not control flux correlations. Comparison of measured data with annual N2O flux rates obtained from a standard model (Forest-DNDC) without site-specific recalibration reveals that the model overestimates the actual measured N2O flux rates mainly in spring. Temporal variability of measured N2O flux was better depicted by the model at plots with high soil organic C (SOC) content. Modeled N2O flux rates were increased during freezing only when SOC was > 0.06?kg?C?kg1. The results indicate that the natural background of N2O emissions may be lower than assumed by most approaches.