Effects of Pathogen Density, Soil Moisture, and Soil pH on Biological Control of Clubroot in Chinese Cabbage by Heteroconium chaetospira

The effects of soil moisture and pH, and pathogen resting spore density, on the effectiveness of the biological control of clubroot by the fungal endophyte Heteroconium chaetospira was evaluated in greenhouse and field experiments. Conditions favoring disease development included low pH (5.5) and high soil moisture content (80%), with significant reductions in the disease being observed at a higher pH (6.3 and 7.2) and lower soil moisture content (40 and 60%). In greenhouse tests, H. chaetospira effectively controlled clubroot (reducing the disease by 90 to 100%) at pathogen resting spore densities of 104 and 105 spores/g of soil at all soil pHs tested (5.5, 6.3, and 7.2). However, when the resting spore density was 106 spores/g of soil, plants were severely diseased, regardless of treatment, and H. chaetospira had no effect on disease. At a soil moisture content of 40%, disease occurrence was low, regardless of pathogen spore density, but disease was significantly lower in H. chaetospira -treated plants at pathogen spore density of 105 spores/g of soil. At 60% soil moisture content, H. chaetospira significantly could affect at pathogen spore densities of 10(4) and 10(5) but not 10(4)/g of soil. At 80% soil moisture content, there was no effect of H. chaetospira at pathogen density. In situ, the soil moisture contents were constantly adjusted to relatively low to moderate (pF 2.2 to 2.4 and pF 2.0 to 2.2) and high (pF 1.6 to 1.8). Other environmental conditions, such as resting spore density and soil pH, were maintained at constant levels. Control plants (not treated with H. chaetospira) showed uniformly high disease levels and proportions of diseased plants across all three moisture treatments (disease index = 72 to 80, proportion of diseased plants 85 to 97%). In the field, H. chaetospiratreated plants at low soil moisture (pF 2.2 to 2.4, plot 1) had 68% disease reduction compared with untreated controls and 49% reduction at moderate moisture pF (pF 2.0 to 2.2, plot 2). There was no effect on disease by H. chaetospira at high soil moisture (pF 1.6 to 1.8, plot 3). Based on our results. H. chaetospira is an effective biocontrol agent against clubroot in Chinese cabbage at a low to moderate soil moisture range and a pathogen resting spore density of 105 (or lower) resting spores per gram of soil in situ.