In vivo quantification of blood mixing in single ventricle patients with Fontan circulation using 4D flow MRI

Background Single ventricle physiology (SVP) is one of the most severe forms of complex congenital heart disease (CHD). Patients undergo multiple surgical interventions including the Fontan procedure (caval venous return is routed directly to the pulmonary arteries). Despite the apparent success of the procedure, it is unclear why some patients develop ‘failing Fontan physiology’ while others remain asymptomatic. However, there is growing evidence that underlying hemodynamics in the Fontan circulation may