Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biochar-based fertilizer by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Application of biochar-based fertilizers is increasingly being considered for its potential agronomic and environmental benefits. However, biochar may contain residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a result of its production by pyrolysis. The strong adsorption of PAHs to biochar makes extraction and analysis of biochar-based fertilizers difficult. This study optimizes the extraction of PAHs in biochar-based fertilizer samples by using an ultrasonic bath for quantification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Among 12 solvents, acetone–cyclohexane (1:1) mixture was selected as the optimum solvent for extraction. Three variables affecting the extraction were studied by Box–Behnken design. The optimum conditions were 57 °C extraction temperature, 81 min extraction time, and two extraction cycles, which were validated by assessing the linearity of analysis, LOD, LOQ, recovery, and levels of PAHs in real biochar-based fertilizer samples. Results revealed that the 16 U.S. EPA PAHs had good linearity, with squared correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. LODs were low, ranging from 2.2 ng g −1 (acenaphthene) to 23.55 ng g −1 (indeno[1,2,3- cd ]perylene), and LOQs varied from 7.51 ng g −1 to 78.49 ng g −1 . The recoveries of 16 individual PAHs from the three biochar-based fertilizer samples were 81.8–109.4 %. Graphical Abstract Use of RSM to optimize UAE for extraction of the PAHs in biochar-based fertilizer