The ER stress sensor inositol-requiring enzyme 1α in Kupffer cells promotes hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inflammation-mediated process arising from ischemia/ reperfusion-elicited stress in multiple cell types, causing liver damage during surgical procedures and often resulting in liver failure. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggers the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and is implicated in tissue injuries, including hepatic I/R injury. However, the cellular mechanism that links the UPR signaling to local inflammatory responses during hepatic I/R injury remains largely obscure. Here, we report that IRE1 alpha, a critical ER-resident transmembrane signal transducer of the UPR, plays an important role in promoting Kupffer-cell-mediated liver inflammation and hepatic I/R injury. Utilizing a mouse model in which IRE1 alpha is specifically ablated in myeloid cells, we found that abrogation of IRE1 alpha markedly attenuated necrosis and cell death in the liver, accompanied by reduced neutrophil infiltration and liver inflammation following hepatic I/R injury. Mechanistic investigations in mice as well as in primary Kupffer cells revealed that loss of IRE1 alpha in Kupffer cells not only blunted the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1 beta production, but also suppressed the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) and proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of IRE1 alpha's RNase activity was able to attenuate inflammasome activation and iNos expression in Kupffer cells, leading to alleviation of hepatic I/R injury. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Kupffer cell IRE1 alpha mediates local inflammatory damage during hepatic I/R injury. Our findings suggest that IRE1 alpha RNase activity may serve as a promising target for therapeutic treatment of ischemia/reperfusion-associated liver inflammation and dysfunction.