Review And Present Status Of Preparation Of Thin Layer Lead Photocathodes For E(-) Injectors Of Superconducting Rf Linacs

Results are reported on using evaporation and UHV arc lead deposition to create thin-layer superconducting Pb photocathodes on niobium wall of electron gun. Evaporated photocathodes were prepared and tested for the first time in 2014. A complete XFEL-type photoinjector with an evaporated photocathode underwent successful quality check at DESY - an acceptable working point was reached. On the other hand poor adhesion to niobium proved to be the most serious shortcoming of the evaporated Pb layers. UHV arc deposition seems to be much more promising in this context as it allows energetic coating. Filtered arc coating lead to creation of uniform, 2 mu m thick lead layers with casual spherical extrusions which enhance locally electric field and leads to high dark current. Conditioning in electric field is needed to reduce the field emission effects from these layers to acceptably low value. Using non-filtered UHV lead deposition enabled fast coating up to a thickness above 10 mu m. Pb films obtained in this way require further post-processing in pulsed plasma ion beams in a rod plasma injector. In order to reach a sufficiently planar film surface the pulsed heat flow through a lead layer on niobium was modeled and computed.