Sea-Floor Massive Sulfide Mining – Its Possibility and Difficulties to Emerge as a Future Business

There are several types of mineral resources under or on the deep-sea bed. Manganese Nodules, Cobalt-rich Manganese Crusts, and Sea-floor Massive Sulfides (SMS) are well known future metal resources in the deep-sea. Although, there have been a lot of activities to study those resources as scientific interests as well as a business point of view, any deep-sea mineral resources has not been developed yet.