Propionic Acid and Derivatives

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Production 4.1. Carbonylation of Ethylene (BASF Process) 4.2. Oxidation of Propanal 4.3. Direct Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 4.4. Production by Fermentation 5. Storage and Transportation 6. Quality Specifications 7. Environmental Protection 8. Uses 8.1. Use as Food and Feed Preservative 8.2. Other Uses 9. Economic Aspects 10. Toxicology 11. Derivatives 11.1. Salts 11.2. Propionic Anhydride and Propionyl Chloride 11.3. Esters 11.4. Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives 11.4.1. Properties and Production 11.4.1.1. 2‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives 11.4.1.2. 3‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives 11.4.1.3. 2,2‐Dichloropropionic Acid 11.4.2. Uses 11.4.2.1. 2‐Chloropropionic Acid and Derivatives 11.4.2.2. 3‐Chloropropionic Acid 11.4.2.3. 2,2‐Dichloropropionic Acid 11.4.3. Toxicology