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Treatment of Complicated Urolithiasis

Seiichi Orikasa,Naomasa Ioritani,Yutaka Chiba,Senji Hoshi,Atsushi Fukuzaki

Treatment of Urolithiasis（2001）

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Abstract
Patients who now require an open operation have complex calculous diseases, including structural anomalies of the urinary tract and impacted stones, submucosal calculus, and stone granulation associated with refractory ureteral strictures. Current approaches to these problems, and the reasons why impacted stones are not fragmented by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) are reviewed.
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Key words
Complex calculus, Impacted calculus, Submucosal calculus, Stone granulation, Underwater shock wave
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