Failure and Stress Analysis of Deformed Steel Tube

A deformed steel tube was received for failure analysis. The buckling of the tube had occurred during the heat-treatment operation. The received tube was subjected to different metallurgical tests, and a nondestructive test was also employed to confirm the presence of residual stresses in the tube. It was observed that the microstructure of the tube was homogenous and had no banded structure. However, X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of up to 6% retained austenite which may have caused the distortion of the tube.