Effects of acid etchants used for bonding orthodontic brackets on the remineralization of enamel white-spot lesions

The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of phosphoric acid and polyacrylic acid used as pretreatment for orthodontic direct bonding procedures on changes in the overall mineral levels of the subsurface white-spot lesions, and to examine the effects on the surface structure using contact microradiography (CMR) and an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).