High-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for direct analysis of solid samples and complex materials: a tutorial review

The purpose of this review is to examine the literature devoted to direct sample analysis using high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry in a tutorial way, in an attempt to provide guidelines on the most critical issues to consider when developing a new method. This review discusses in detail the advantages and limitations of this technique, highlighting its benefits in comparison with classic line source atomic absorption spectrometry instrumentation in the context of direct analysis of solid samples, slurries and complex liquid samples, trying to establish in which situations the use of this technique can be particularly beneficial. Some of the aspects that are addressed comprise: (i) the improved potential to detect and correct for spectral interferences; (ii) the different options to adjust the sensitivity to the analyte content; (iii) strategies to minimize matrix effects and calibrate with aqueous standard solutions; (iv) possibilities to carry out multi-element analysis.