Agricultural marketing by smallholders in Kenya: A comparison of maize, kale and dairy

•Smallholder participation in maize, kale and milk markets in Kenya is compared.•Market access improved overtime but production remains largely subsistence.•There is greater market orientation and less market concentration in kale and milk.•Land, assets, technology, prices and rainfall are important to market participation.•Increasing production is critical to broad-based smallholder market participation.