Estrogen suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cells through ER β -mediated upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. The incidence of HCC is strikingly higher in males than in females. The remarkable gender disparity suggests an important role for sex hormones in HCC pathogenesis. Recently, estrogen has emerged as a protective factor in the development and progression of HCC, but whether it prevents and attenuates HCC, and the mechanism of protection, have not been elucidated. The present study shows that expression of estrogen receptor (ER) β was significantly downregulated in HCC tissue compared with normal liver tissue; moreover, its expression level showed a significant negative correlation with disease progression and a positive correlation with the expression level of NLRP3 inflammasome components. In a previous study, we showed that loss of NLRP3 inflammasome in HCC tissue contributed to tumor progression, whereas the mechanism of its deregulation was not elucidated. In this study, we investigated the potential link between NLRP3 inflammasome and estrogen. Our data reveal that treatment with 17 β -estradiol (E2) significantly inhibited the malignant behavior of HCC cells through E2/ER β /MAPK pathway-mediated upregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This study shows a novel link between ER β and the NLRP3 inflammasome in HCC progression, which provides a potentially valuable therapeutic strategy for treatment of HCC patients.