Birds, charcoal and cattle: Bird community responses to human activities in an oak forest landscape shaped by charcoal extraction

•We studied how bird communities respond to charcoal extraction and cattle grazing.•Oak stands were managed differently by farmers to obtain charcoal and raize cattle.•We found that resident and migratory birds used the management units differently.•Charcoal extraction and cattle grazing had synergic negative effects on birds.•Bird communities depend on stands with large trees and tree diversity.