Development and Validation of the Five-by-Five Resilience Scale.

This article introduces a new measure of resilience and five related protective factors. The Five-by-Five Resilience Scale (5x5RS) is developed on the basis of theoretical and empirical considerations. Two samples (N = 475 and N = 613) are used to assess the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity, and criterion-related validity of the 5x5RS. Confirmatory factor analysis supports a bifactor model. The 5x5RS demonstrates adequate internal consistency as evidenced by Cronbach's alpha and empirical reliability estimates. The 5x5RS correlates positively with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a commonly used measure of resilience. The 5x5RS exhibits similar criterion-related validity to the CD-RISC as evidenced by positive correlations with satisfaction with life, meaning in life, and secure attachment style as well as negative correlations with rumination and anxious or avoidant attachment styles. 5x5RS scores are positively correlated with healthy behaviors such as exercise and negatively correlated with sleep difficulty and symptomology of anxiety and depression. The 5x5RS incrementally explains variance in some criteria above and beyond the CD-RISC. Item responses are modeled using the graded response model. Information estimates demonstrate the ability of the 5x5RS to assess individuals within at least one standard deviation of the mean on relevant latent traits.