Adaptive Eulerian framework for boiling and evaporation

We propose in this work an adaptive Eulerian framework for the simulation of both boiling and evaporation phenomena occurring at the interface of a heated 3D solid immersed in a liquid tank. It simultaneously takes into account the gas-liquid phase changes, the vapor formation and their dynamics, and consequently the 3D quenching or cooling of a heated solid. It uses a Level Set method to separate and to track each phase. The phase change is performed using the balance of heat fluxes at the interface without the use of conforming mesh. Instead, the use of an a posteriori error estimate leading to highly stretched anisotropic elements at the interface enables to drastically reduce errors on computed jumps. This avoids the need of interface reconstruction or interpolation procedure. Finally, a Variational Multiscale solver for the Navier-Stokes equations is extended with implicit treatment of the surface tension. A series of 2D and 3D problems are solved to highlight the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed framework. The cooling of an immersed solid is also presented and shows good agreement with experimental data. To the best of our knowledge, direct numerical simulations of quenching using an Eulerian framework with boiling and evaporation have never been considered.