Narrowing of band gap and effective charge carrier separation in oxygen deficient TiO2 nanotubes with improved visible light photocatalytic activity.

Oxygen vacancies are introduced into hydrothermally processed TiO2 nanotube by vacuum calcination. Formation of oxygen vacancies modifies the local coordination in TiO2 as evident from Raman spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) results. The surface area is increased from 172.5m2/g in pure to 405.1m2/g in defective TiO2 nanotube. The mid-band gap electronic states created by oxygen vacancies are mostly responsible for the effective narrowing of band gap. Charge carrier separation is sufficiently prolonged as the charged oxygen defect states inhibit facile carrier recombination. With high surface area, narrowed band gap and separated charge carriers defective TiO2 nanotube is a suitable candidate in the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) and phenol under visible light illumination. Photosensitized electron transfer from MB to the conduction band of TiO2 and the photodegradation of MB is facilitated in presence of high density of oxygen vacancies. Unlike MB, phenol absorbs in the UV region and does not easily excited under visible light. Phenol shows activity under visible light by forming charge transfer complex with TiO2. Defect trapped carriers become available at the phenol–TiO2 interface and finally interact with phenol molecule and degrade it.