Tuberculosis vaccines--state of the art, and novel approaches to vaccine development.

•The increasing global incidence of tuberculosis, including multi- and extensively-drug resistant disease, calls for renewed efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine•Several new candidate vaccines are currently in preclinical stage development, with evaluation of novel approaches to vaccine delivery•Experimental medicine studies in human and non-human primate models of tuberculosis provide the potential for decreasing the time and cost of developing new vaccines, with increasing chances of late stage success•There is currently a wealth of promising candidate vaccines also in various phases of clinical development