Polygenic scores associated with educational attainment in adults predict educational achievement and ADHD symptoms in children.

Eveline De Zeeuw,C E M Van Beijsterveldt,Corinna Glasner,Meike Bartels,Erik A Ehli,G Davies,James J Hudziak,Niels Rietveld,Maria M Groenblokhuis,J J Hottenga,Eco De Geus,Dorret I Boomsma, Mohammed Abdellaoui,Arpana Agrawal,Eva Albrecht,Behrooz Z Alizadeh,J Allik,Najaf Amin,John Attia,Stefania Bandinelli,J A Barnard,Francois Bastardot,Sebastian E Baumeister,Jonathan Beauchamp,Daniel J Benjamin, Paul J Benke,David A Bennett,Klaus Berger,Lawrence F Bielak,Laura J Bierut,Jeffrey A Boatman,Patricia A Boyle,Ute Bultmann, H E A Campbell,David Cesarini,Christopher F Chabris,Lynn Cherkas,M Chung,Dalton Conley,Francesco Cucca,George Daveysmith,Mariza De Andrade, Philip De Jager,Christiaan De Leeuw, Ananya De,I Deary Ian J,George Dedoussis,Panagiotis Deloukas,Jaime Derringer,Maria Dimitriou, Gudny Eeiriksdottir,Niina Eklund,Martin F Elderson,Knut Hagen,Tonu Esko,Daniel S Evans,Jessica D Faul,Rudolf S N Fehrmann, Luigi Ferrucci,Krista Fischer,Lude Franke,Melissa Garcia,Christian Gieger,Hakon K Gjessing,Patrick J F Groenen,Henrik Gronberg,Vilmundur Gudnason,Sara Hagg,Per Hall, Jennifer L Harris,Tamara B Harris,Nicholas D Hastie,Caroline Hayward,Andrew C Heath,Dena Hernandez, W Hoffmann, Albert Hofman, Rolf Holle,Elizabeth G Holliday,Christina M Holzapfel,William G Iacono,Carla A Ibrahimverbaas, Thomas Illig,Erik Ingelsson, Bo Jacobsson, M R Jarvelin,Min A Jhun,Magnus Johannesson, P K Joshi, Astanand Juqessur,Marika Kaakinen,Mika Kahonen,Stavroula Kanoni, Jaakko Kaprio,Sharon L R Kardia,Juha Karjalainen,Robert M Kirkpatrick,Philipp Koellinger,Ivana Kolcic,Matthew Kowgier,Kati Kristiansson,Robert F Krueger,Z Kutalik,Jill M Lahti,David Laibson,Antti Latvala,Lenore J Launer,Debbie A Lawlor, S H Lee, Terho Lethimaki,J Li,Paul Lichtenstein,Peter Lichtner,David C Liewald,Peng Lin,Penelope A Lind,Y Liu,Kurt Lohman,Marisa Loitfelder,Pamela A F Madden,Patrik K E Magnusson,Tuukka Makinen, P Vidal,Nicolas Martin,Giovanna Masala,Matt Mcgue,George Mcmahon,Sarah E Medland,Osorio Meirelles,Andres Metspalu,M Meyer,Andreas Mielck,Lili Milani,Michael E Miller,Grant W Montgomery,Sutapa Mukherjee,Ronny Myhre,Marjaliisa Nuotio,Dale R Nyholt,Christopher Oldmeadow,Ben A Oostra,C Palmer,Aarno Palotie, Brenda W J H Penninx,Markus Perola,Katja Petrovic,Wouter J Peyrot,Patricia A Peyser,Ozren Polasek,Danielle Posthuma,Martin Preisig,Lydia Quaye,Katri Raikkonen,Olli T Raitakari,Anu Realo,Eva Reinmaa,John P Rice,Susan M Ring, Samuli Ripatti,Fernando Rivadeneira,Thais S Rizzi,Igor Rudan,Aldo Rustichini, Veikko Salomaa,A P Sarin,David Schlessinger,Reinhold Schmidt,Rodney J Scott,Konstantin Shakhbazov,George Davey Smith,J A Smith,Harold Snieder,Beate St Pourcain,John M Starr,Jae Hoon Sul,Ida Surakka,Rauli Svento,Toshiko Tanaka,Antonio Terracciano,Alexander Teumer,Roy Thurik, Henning Tiemeier,Nicholas J Timpson, Andre G Uitterlinden,Matthijs Van Der Loos,Cock Van Duijn,Frank Van Rooij,David Van Wagoner,Erkki Vartiainen,Jorma Viikari,Peter M Visscher,Veronique Vitart,Peter Vollenweider, Henry Volzke,Judith M Vonk, Gerard Waeber,David R Weir,Jurgen Wellmann,Harmjan Westra, H E Wichmann,Elisabeth Widen,Gonneke Willemsen, James F Wilson,Alan F Wright, Joanna Yang,Lei Yu, Wei Zhao

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART B-NEUROPSYCHIATRIC GENETICS（2014）

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Abstract

The American Psychiatric Association estimates that 3 to 7 per cent of all school aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Even after correcting for general cognitive ability, numerous studies report a negative association between ADHD and educational achievement. With polygenic scores we examined whether genetic variants that have a positive influence on educational attainment have a protective effect against ADHD. The effect sizes from a large GWA meta-analysis of educational attainment in adults were used to calculate polygenic scores in an independent sample of 12-year-old children from the Netherlands Twin Register. Linear mixed models showed that the polygenic scores significantly predicted educational achievement, school performance, ADHD symptoms and attention problems in children. These results confirm the genetic overlap between ADHD and educational achievement, indicating that one way to gain insight into genetic variants responsible for variation in ADHD is to include data on educational achievement, which are available at a larger scale. (C) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Key words

polygenic scores,genetics,ADHD,educational achievement,school performance

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