Experimental and numerical investigation of a hybrid battery thermal management system based on copper foam- paraffin composite phase change material and liquid cooling

•A liquid cooling-based BTMS using CPCM was investigated under different Re, current rates and ambient temperatures.•Elevated Re of liquid cooling will increase temperature non-uniformity within the battery pack, while the temperature differences will decrease once Re further improves.•For each battery pack, parametric study needs to be carried out to reach the equilibrium between the Tmax, ΔTmax and pump power.•Liquid cooling controls the maximum battery temperature under high ambient temperature and warms up the battery under low ambient temperature.