Trophic transition in a lake on the Virginia coastal plain.

To examine possible connections between lake trophic status and runoff from surrounding subwatersheds, we determined patterns of sediment and nutrient deposition in a hyperentrophic, 16-ha impoundment on the Virginia coastal plain. Spatial survey of nutrients in surface sediments documented a strong correlation between total P and extractable Fe (r(2) = 0.53). Elevated biogenic silica concentrations up to 0.25% by weight were measured in sections of the lake receiving perennial stream discharge. Sediment C to N ratios were >20 in those same sections, suggesting a large allochthonous contribution to organic matter deposition. Sediment cores 0.9 to 2.3 m in length, representing 70 years of deposition, were analyzed to develop vertical profiles of changes in sediment and nutrient deposition in deltas downstream from two more-developed and three less-developed subwatersheds (with 49 and 9% commercial and residential development, respectively). The average sediment weight percent standard deviation of biogenic silica (0.027 +/- 0.037 vs. 0.009 +/- 0.006%) and total P (0.040 +/- 0.025 vs. 0.024 +/- 0.019%) was significantly higher downstream of more-developed subwatersheds. Using elevated P loadings and biogenic silica deposition as proxies for algal production, transition of the lake to its current hyperentrophic state appears to have occurred in the last 70 yr. Changes in trophic status as revealed by sediment analysis of this small lake on the Virginia coastal plain reflect a common pattern of eutrophication observed for the entire Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. Analysis of sediments from stream deltas appears to be a reasonable strategy for identifying and targeting subwatershed areas needing better management of nutrient runoff that otherwise would lead to eutrophication of downstream waters.