Microspore embryogenesis in wheat: new marker genes for early, middle and late stages of embryo development

Microspore embryogenesis involves reprogramming of the pollen immature cell towards embryogenesis. We have identified and characterized a collection of 14 genes induced along different morphological phases of microspore-derived embryo development in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture. SERK s and FLA s genes previously associated with somatic embryogenesis and reproductive tissues, respectively, were also included in this analysis. Genes involved in signalling mechanisms such as TaTPD1 - like and TAA1b , and two glutathione S -transferase ( GSTF2 and GSTA2 ) were induced when microspores had acquired a ‘star-like’ morphology or had undergone the first divisions. Genes associated with control of plant development and stress response ( TaNF - YA , TaAGL14 , TaFLA26, CHI3 , XIP - R ; Tad1 and WALI6 ) were activated before exine rupture. When the multicellular structures have been released from the exine, TaEXPB4 , TaAGP31 - like and an unknown embryo-specific gene TaME1 were induced. Comparison of gene expression, between two wheat cultivars with different response to anther culture, showed that the profile of genes activated before exine rupture was shifted to earlier stages in the low responding cultivar. This collection of genes constitutes a value resource for study mechanism of intra-embryo communication, early pattern formation, cell wall modification and embryo differentiation.