dUTPases, the unexplored family of signalling molecules.

Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that control relevant cellular processes is of utmost importance to understand how viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells work. The diversity of living organisms suggests that there are novel regulators still to be discovered, which may uncover new regulatory paradigms. dUTPases (Duts) are assumed to be ubiquitous enzymes regulating cellular dUTP levels to prevent misincorporation of uracil into DNA. Recently however, Duts have been involved in the control of several relevant cellular processes, including transfer of mobile genetic elements, regulation of the immune system, autoimmunity or apoptosis, suggesting that they perform regulatory functions. This review aims at investigating the unexplored impact of Duts as novel signalling molecules.