Clinical features of childhood-onset paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with PRRT2 gene mutations.

AIM:To define better the phenotype and genotype of familial and sporadic cases of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) caused by mutations in the PRRT2 gene presenting in the paediatric age group. METHOD:We report the detailed clinical and molecular genetic features of 11 patients (six females, five males) with childhood-onset PRRT2-mutation-positive PKD. RESULTS:Mean age at disease onset was 8 years 7.5 months (range 5-11y), and clinical presentation was characterized by daily short paroxysmal episodes of dystonia/dyskinesia. Most patients also had non-kinesigenic attacks in addition to the classical movement-induced paroxysmal episodes. One family demonstrated great phenotypic variability with PKD, infantile convulsions, and/or hemiplegic migraine affecting different family members with the same mutation. All patients in whom antiepileptics (carbamazepine/phenytoin) were tried showed a dramatic improvement with complete abolition of dyskinetic episodes. INTERPRETATION:Our case series provides a detailed clinical description of patients with PRRT2-PKD, and reports a spectrum of disease-causing mutations, thereby expanding both the clinical phenotype and mutation spectrum of disease.