Guided antithrombotic therapy: current status and future research direction: report on a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute working group.

HomeCirculationVol. 126, No. 13Guided Antithrombotic Therapy: Current Status and Future Research Direction Free AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessResearch ArticlePDF/EPUBGuided Antithrombotic Therapy: Current Status and Future Research DirectionReport on a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Working Group Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD, Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH, Robert M. Califf, MD, Alan D. Michelson, MD, Marc S. Sabatine, MD, MPH, Dominick J. Angiolillo, MD, PhD, Eric R. Bates, MD, David J. Cohen, MD, MSc, Barry S. Coller, MD, Bruce Furie, MD, Jean-Sebastien Hulot, MD, PhD, Kenneth G. Mann, PhD, Jessica L. Mega, MD, MPH, Kiran Musunuru, MD, PhD, MPH, Christopher J. O'Donnell, MD, MPH, Matthew J. Price, MD, David J. Schneider, MD, Daniel I. Simon, MD, Jeffrey I. Weitz, MD, Marlene S. Williams, MD, W. Keith Hoots, MD, Yves D. Rosenberg, MD, MPH and Ahmed A.K. Hasan, MD, PhD Valentin FusterValentin Fuster From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Deepak L. BhattDeepak L. Bhatt From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Robert M. CaliffRobert M. Califf From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Alan D. MichelsonAlan D. Michelson From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Marc S. SabatineMarc S. Sabatine From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Dominick J. AngiolilloDominick J. Angiolillo From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Eric R. BatesEric R. Bates From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , David J. CohenDavid J. Cohen From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Barry S. CollerBarry S. Coller From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Bruce FurieBruce Furie From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Jean-Sebastien HulotJean-Sebastien Hulot From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Kenneth G. MannKenneth G. Mann From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Jessica L. MegaJessica L. Mega From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Kiran MusunuruKiran Musunuru From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Christopher J. O'DonnellChristopher J. O'Donnell From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Matthew J. PriceMatthew J. Price From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , David J. SchneiderDavid J. Schneider From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Daniel I. SimonDaniel I. Simon From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Jeffrey I. WeitzJeffrey I. Weitz From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Marlene S. WilliamsMarlene S. Williams From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , W. Keith HootsW. Keith Hoots From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, FL (D.J.A.); University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI (E.R.B.); Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO (D.J.C.); The Rockefeller University, New York, NY (B.S.C.); Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (B.F.); University of Vermont, Burlington, VA (K.G.M., D.J.S.); Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood (NHLBI) Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.J.O., W.K.H., Y.D.R., A.A.K.H.); Scripps Clinic and Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, CA (M.J.P.); University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH (D.I.S.); McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (J.I.W.); and Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD (M.S.W.). Search for more papers by this author , Yves D. RosenbergYves D. Rosenberg From the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY (V.F., J.-S.H.); The Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (V.F.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (D.L.B.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (D.L.B., A.D.M., M.S.S., J.L.M., K.M.); Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (R.M.C.); Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (A.D.M.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (A.D.M., M.S.S., B.F., J.L.M., K.M.); Unive