In vitro and in vivo staining characteristics of small, fluorescent, Abeta42-binding D-enantiomeric peptides in transgenic AD mouse models.

one of the characteristic pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neuritic plaques that consist of amyloid peptide (A beta). To improve diagnosis and treatment evaluation, neuroimaging tools that make use of A beta-binding ligands to visualise amyloid plaques are being developed. We investigate the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a series of three D-enantiomeric peptides (D1-D3) that were developed to specifically bind amyloid beta 1-42 (A beta 42) in the brains of transgenic AD-model mice. We stained brain sections of the mice, injected and infused the mice with these Small D-peptides, and examined their staining of A beta 42 in the brain. The experiments demonstrate that the D-peptides label all plaques that contain A beta 42 in the brain. In contrast, diffuse amyloid beta deposits (which do not contain A beta 42) are not stained by any of the D-peptides. The in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that the D-peptides label all A beta 42 in the brain, and none of the D-peptides causes inflammation or is taken up by astrocytes or microglia. Furthermore, long-term infusion of the peptides does not cause inflammation. Together, this demonstrates that these D-peptides might be suitable for use as molecular probes to measure A beta plaque load in the living brain for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, or to monitor A beta 42 plaque load during disease progression or during treatment.