Venous thromboembolism in patients with cholangiocarcinoma: focus on risk factors and impact on survival.

Background A high incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been observed in patients with cancer. However, few data are available on patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and risk factors of VTE and to investigate whether VTE would affect the survival of patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 273 patients who were diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma from January 2004 to December 2008. Results We observed 40 cases of VTE, among which 10 patients had VTE at diagnosis. There were 14 cases of pulmonary thromboembolism with or without deep vein thrombosis, 18 cases of portal vein thrombosis, four cases of inferior vena cava thrombosis, and four of hepatic vein thrombosis. We found that progression of stage, C-reactive protein, and chemotherapy were significantly associated with the occurrence of VTE (P = 0.022, 0.006, and 0.014, respectively). The median survival in the VTE and non-VTE groups were 13.0 and 25.0 months, respectively (log-rank test, P = 0.026). VTE was an unfavorable prognostic factor for cholangiocarcinoma (hazard ratio = 1.626, P = 0.042). Conclusion In our study, advanced stage, C-reactive protein, and treatment with chemotherapeutic agents were related to the occurrence of VTE in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. VTE was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for survivors of cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24: 444-449 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.