Antipsychotics in pediatric and adolescent patients: a review of comparative safety data.

Over the past few years, prescriptions of antipsychotic medications to children and adolescents have risen significantly. In particular, there is increasing use of second- and third-generation antipsychotic agents. However, numerous studies have shown clinically-relevant adverse effects (such as weight gain, metabolic disorders, prolactin changes, and extrapyramidal symptoms [EPS]) with these therapeutic agents. Moreover, only a few studies have systematically assessed antipsychotics' safety in the pediatric population. The objective of this article is to provide a comparative review of the safety data available for antipsychotic drug use in pediatric populations.A PubMed/MEDLINE search was performed for clinical studies that assessed the safety and tolerability of first-generation (typical) and second- and third-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.At standard doses, olanzapine and risperidone cause significant weight gain and related metabolic complications in patients treated with the medications. Quetiapine and ziprasidone display a better tolerability profile than risperidone and olanzapine in terms of weight gain, glucose metabolism, increases in prolactin levels, and EPS, while aripiprazole seems to be the most weight-neutral.Most of the studies reviewed had a small sample size, a relatively short duration, and a mixed diagnosis population. Systematic analyses of antipsychotics' safety in young populations are lacking.The selection of antipsychotics for children and adolescents should include an evaluation of their individual therapeutic benefits, safety profiles, and approval status for use in the pediatric population. Further research of large samples and long-term follow-ups of these patient groups are warranted to help predict/manage the occurrence of adverse effects.