Involvement of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBPbeta) in epigenetic regulation of mouse methionine adenosyltransferase 1A gene expression.

Methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine, the main methyl donor in cellular transmethylation reactions and the aminopropyl moiety in polyamine biosynthesis. In mammals, two different genes, MAT1A and MAT2A, encode catalytic polypeptides of liver-specific MAT I/III and ubiquitous MAT II, respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that MAT1A gene expression was at a detectable level in embryonic day 14 mouse fetal liver and subsequently increased. Bisulfite genomic sequencing indicated that the methylation status of 10CpG sites in the MAT1A promoter proximal region was appreciably correlated with the gene expression in mouse developing liver and in adult hepatic cells; hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes. When mouse hepatoma-derived Hepa-1 cells showing extremely low expression of MAT1A gene were treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A, MAT1A gene expression was enhanced. In addition, in vitro methylation of the MAT1A promoter region suppressed the MAT1A promoter activity in reporter assay. Next, we performed electrophoretic mobility shift assay and found that the transcriptional factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-ß (C/EBPß) specifically binds to a putative binding site of C/EBPß in the MAT1A promoter. Suppression of C/EBPß expression by short hairpin RNA decreased the MAT1A promoter activity and MAT1A gene expression, and inhibition of C/EBPß binding to MAT1A by site-directed mutagenesis also showed similar results. Western blot analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that C/EBPß binding is dependent on DNA methylation status. Based on these findings, we conclude that C/EBPß plays an important role in epigenetic regulation of the mature hepatic gene MAT1A.