Analysis of the interacting surface of maurotoxin with the voltage-gated Shaker B K(+) channel.

Maurotoxin (MTX) is a 34-residue toxin that was isolated initially from the venom of the scorpion Scorpio maurus palmatus. Unlike the other toxins of the alpha-KTx6 family (Pi, Pi4, Pi7, and HsTx1), MTX exhibits a unique disulfide bridge organization of the type C-1-C-5, C-2-C-6, C-3-C-4, and C-7-C-8 (instead of the conventional C-1-C-5, C-2-C-6, C-3-C-7, and C-4-C-8, herein referred to as Pi-like) that does not prevent its folding along the classic alpha/beta scaffold of scorpion toxins. MTXpi1 is an MTX variant with a conventional pattern of disulfide bridging without any primary structure alteration of the toxin. Here, using MTX and/or MTXpi1 as models, we investigated how the type of folding influences toxin recognition of the Shaker B potassium channel. Amino acid residues of MTX that were studied for Shaker B recognition were selected on the basis of their homologous position in charybdotoxin, a three disulfide-bridged scorpion toxin also active on this channel type. These residues favored either an MTX- or MTXpi1-like folding. Our data indicate clearly that Lys(23) and Tyr(32) (two out of ten amino acid residues studied) are the most important residues for Shaker B channel blockage by MTX. For activity on SKCa channels, the same amino acid residues also affect, directly or indirectly, the recognition of SK channels. The molecular modeling technique and computed docking indicate the existence of a correlation between the half cystine pairings of the mutated analogs and their activity on the Shaker B K+ channel. Overall, mutations in MTX could, or could not, change the reorganization of disulfide bridges of this molecule without affecting its alpha/beta scaffold. However, changing of the peptide backbone (cross linking disulfide bridges from MTX-like type vs MTXpi1-like type) appears to have less impact on the molecule activity than mutation of certain key amino acids such as Lys(23) and Tyr(32) in this toxin. Copyright (c) 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.