Cell engineering: nanometric grafting of poly-N-isopropylacrylamide onto polystyrene film by different doses of gamma radiation.

Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide was successfully grafted onto a polystyrene cell culture dish and gamma-preirradiated in air. In this study, the effect of a gamma-pre-irradiation dose of radiation (radiation absorbed dosages of 10, 20, 30, 40 KGy) under appropriate temperature and grafting conditions was investigated. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed the existence of the graft poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm) on the substrate. The optimal value of the dose for grafting was 40 KGy at 50 degrees C. The scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images clearly showed that increasing the absorbed dose of radiation would increase the amount of grafting. Surface topography and graft thickness in AFM images of the radiated samples showed that the PNIPAAm at the absorbed dose of radiation was properly grafted. The thickness of these grafts was about 50-100 nm. The drop water contact angles of the best grafted sample at 37 degrees C and 10 degrees C were 55.3 +/- 1.2 degrees and 61.2 +/- 0.9 degrees respectively, which showed the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the grafted surfaces. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis also revealed the low critical solution temperature of the grafted sample to be 32 degrees C. Thermoresponsive polymers were grafted to dishes covalently which allowed fibroblast cells to attach and proliferate at 37 degrees C; the cells also detached spontaneously without using enzymes when the temperature dropped below 32 degrees C. This characteristic proves that this type of grafted material has potential as a biomaterial for cell sheet engineering.